Substituted heterocyclic compounds

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are novel substituted heterocyclic derivatives having the structure of Formula I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compounds are useful for the treatment of various disease states, in particular cardiovascular diseases such as atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, intermittent claudication, Prinzmetal&#39;s (variant) angina, stable and unstable angina, exercise induced angina, congestive heart disease, diabetes, and myocardial infarction.

This application is a Continuation Application of Divisional Application U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/845,720, filed Aug. 27, 2007, which is a Divisional Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/452,479, filed Jun. 13, 2006, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,262,198, which was a Divisional Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/015,915, filed Dec. 17, 2004, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,115,610, which claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/531,253, filed Dec. 18, 2003, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel heterocyclic compounds and to their use in the treatment of various disease states, including cardiovascular diseases such as atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, intermittent claudication, Prinzmetal's (variant) angina, stable and unstable angina, exercise induced angina, congestive heart disease, ischemia, reperfusion injury and myocardial infarction, and diabetes and disease states related to diabetes. The invention also relates to methods for their preparation, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Certain classes of piperazine compounds are known to be useful for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, including arrhythmias, angina, myocardial infarction, and related diseases such as intermittent claudication. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,567,264 discloses a class of substituted piperazine compounds that includes a compound known as ranolazine, (±)—N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-propyl]-1-piperazineacetamide, and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and their use in the above disease states.

Despite the desirable properties demonstrated by ranolazine, which is a very effective cardiac therapeutic agent, believed to function as a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor and late sodium channel blocker, there remains a need for compounds that have similar therapeutic properties to ranolazine, but are more potent and have a longer half-life.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of this invention to provide novel substituted heterocyclic compounds that function as fatty acid oxidation inhibitors and/or late sodium channel blockers. Accordingly, in a first aspect, the invention relates to compounds of Formula I:

wherein:

-   -   R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are hydrogen, lower alkyl, or         —C(O)R, in which R is —OR¹¹ or —NR¹¹R¹², where R¹¹ and R¹² are         hydrogen or lower alkyl; or     -   R¹ and R², R³ and R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸, when taken together         with the carbon to which they are attached, represent carbonyl;         or     -   R¹ and R⁵, or R¹ and R⁷, or R³ and R⁵, or R³ and R⁷, when taken         together form a bridging group —(CR¹²R¹³)_(n)—, in which n is 1,         2 or 3, and R¹² and R¹³ are independently hydrogen or lower         alkyl;         -   with the proviso that             -   the maximum number of carbonyl groups is 1;             -   the maximum number of —C(O)NR¹¹R¹² groups is 1; and             -   the maximum number of bridging groups is 1;     -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently optionally substituted alkyl,         optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,         optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted         heterocycle, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally         substituted heteroaryl;     -   T is —O—, —S—, —NHSO₂—, —SO₂NH—, or —CO—NH—; or     -   R⁹ and T when taken together are optionally substituted         heterocyclyl;     -   Q is —N< or —NH—CH<;     -   X is a covalent bond or an optionally substituted alkylene of         1-6 carbon atoms;     -   Y is optionally substituted alkylene of 1-3 carbon atoms; and     -   Z is a covalent bond, —O—, —S—, or —N(R¹⁵⁾-, wherein R¹⁵ is         hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl.

A second aspect of this invention relates to pharmaceutical formulations, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

A third aspect of this invention relates to a method of using the compounds of Formula I in the treatment of a disease or condition in a mammal that is amenable to treatment by a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor or late sodium channel blocker. Such diseases include, but are not limited to, protection of skeletal muscles against damage resulting from trauma, intermittent claudication, shock, and cardiovascular diseases including atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, Prinzmetal's (variant) angina, stable angina, exercise induced angina, congestive heart disease, diabetes, and myocardial infarction. The compounds of Formula I are also useful for lowering plasma level of HbA1c, lowering glucose plasma levels, lowering total cholesterol plasma levels, lowering triglyceride plasma levels, raising HDL cholesterol levels, and/or delaying onset of diabetic retinopathy. They can also be used to preserve donor tissue and organs used in transplants.

The preferred compounds presently include:

-   (2,6-difluorophenyl)-N-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)carboxamide; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)     [(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   N-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)benzamide; -   (4-chlorophenyl)-N-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)carboxamide; -   (4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-N-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)carboxamide; -   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-[4-(3-phenoxypropyl)piperazinyl]propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (3R)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-({1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)pyrrolidin-2-one; -   (3R)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-({1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)pyrrolidin-2-one; -   3-({1-[(2R)-3-(2-fluorophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; -   (3R)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-({1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)pyrrolidin-2-one; -   3-({1-[(2R)-3-(2-fluorophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; -   3-({1-[(2R)-3-(2-fluorophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(phenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-[4-(4-phenoxybutyl)piperazinyl]propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)butyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-{4-[2-(2-methylphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(2-methoxy-4-chlorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-phenylphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(3,5-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(3-chloro-4-bromophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[3-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)butyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)(phenylsulfonyl)amine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]phenylamine; -   3-({1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one; -   3-({1-[3-(2-fluorophenoxy)-(2R)-2-hydroxypropyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(4-trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)     [4-chlorophenylsulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)     [(4-trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl]amine; -   (3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}propyl)     [(4-trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; -   (4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butyl)     [(4-trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(3-trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(2,5-dimethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; -   {[5-(dimethylamino)naphthyl]sulfonyl}(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][4-(tertbutyl)phenyl]amine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][4-(methyl)phenyl]amine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]amine; -   [3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl][(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   (4-chlorophenyl)[(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]naphthylamine; -   [(3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}propyl)sulfonyl][4-(tertbutyl)phenyl]amine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl](2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine; -   (2,5-dimethylphenyl)[(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   [(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl](2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)     [(3-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)(naphthylsulfonyl)amine; -   {[4-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}(2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine; -   [(4-ethylphenyl)sulfonyl](2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine; -   {[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine; -   (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)[(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl](2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)amine; -   1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl]-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-benzoxazol-2-yl-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-phenylazolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-naphthylazolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl]-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-naphthylazolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-(4-methylphenyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-phenylpyrrolidin-2-one; -   1-[3-(tert-butyl)-4-chlorophenyl]-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; -   (2R)-3-[4-(4-indan-5-yloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-[4-(4-(2-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyloxy)butyl)piperazinyl]propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-(4-{4-[1-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-3-yloxy]butyl}piperazinyl)propan-2-ol; -   6-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)-2,3a,7a-trihydrobenzo[2,1-b]furan-3-one; -   ethyl     2-[4-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl]acetate; -   ethyl     3-[4-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl]propanoate; -   2-[4-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl]acetic     acid; -   (2R)-1-[4-(4-indan-2-yloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-[4-(4-cyclohexyloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-(4-methylphenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-(4-vinylphenyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-phenylazolidine-2,5-dione; -   ethyl     2-[4-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenoxy]acetate; -   ethyl     2-[4-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoate; -   2-[4-(4-{4-[2-(2R)-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic     acid; -   3-[4-(4-{4-[2-(2R)-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl]propanoic     acid; -   (2R)-1-(4-{4-[4-(tert-butyl)cyclohexyloxy]butyl}piperazinyl)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-[4-(4-cyclopentyloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-{4-[4-(1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yloxy)butyl]piperazinyl}propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-[4-(4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyloxy)butyl)piperazinyl]propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[4-(1-methoxyindan-2-yloxy)butyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   2-[4-(4-{4-[2-(2R)-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenoxy]acetic     acid; -   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-(4-{6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]hexyl}piperazinyl)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-[4-(4-(2H-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxy)butyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-[4-(4-cyclobutoxybutyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-(4-{4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexyloxy]butyl}piperazinyl)propan-2-ol; -   (3R)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}pyrrolidin-2-one; -   4-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)(3R)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one;     and -   4-[(4-{(2R)-3-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl}piperazinyl)methyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one.

DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL PARAMETERS

As used in the present specification, the following words and phrases are generally intended to have the meanings as set forth below, except to the extent that the context in which they are used indicates otherwise.

The term “alkyl” refers to a monoradical branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon chain having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl, n-hexyl, n-decyl, tetradecyl, and the like.

The term “substituted alkyl” refers to:

-   -   1) an alkyl group as defined above, having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5         substituents, preferably 1 to 3 substituents, selected from the         group consisting of alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl,         cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl,         alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto,         thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio, heteroarylthio,         heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl,         aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl,         heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl,         —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and         —SO₂-heteroaryl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition,         all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2,         or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl,         aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted         amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or         heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2; or     -   2) an alkyl group as defined above that is interrupted by 1-10         atoms independently chosen from oxygen, sulfur and NR_(a)—,         where R_(a) is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl,         cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl. All         substituents may be optionally further substituted by alkyl,         alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, or         —S(O)_(n)R, in which R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0,         1 or 2; or     -   3) an alkyl group as defined above that has both 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5         substituents as defined above and is also interrupted by 1-10         atoms as defined above.

The term “lower alkyl” refers to a monoradical branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon chain having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl, n-hexyl, and the like.

The term “substituted lower alkyl” refers to lower alkyl as defined above having 1 to 5 substituents, preferably 1, 2, or 3 substituents, as defined for substituted alkyl, or a lower alkyl group as defined above that is interrupted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 atoms as defined for substituted alkyl, or a lower alkyl group as defined above that has both 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents as defined above and is also interrupted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 atoms as defined above.

The term “alkylene” refers to a diradical of a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon chain, preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1-10 carbon atoms, more preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as methylene (—CH₂—), ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—), the propylene isomers (e.g., —CH₂CH₂CH₂— and —CH(CH₃)CH₂—) and the like.

The term “lower alkylene” refers to a diradical of a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon chain, preferably having from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms.

The term “substituted alkylene” refers to:

-   -   (1) an alkylene group as defined above having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5         substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl,         alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl,         acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino,         azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl, carboxy,         carboxyalkyl, arylthio, heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol,         alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl,         aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy,         hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl,         —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl. Unless         otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may         optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents         chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl,         hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano,         and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is         0, 1 or 2; or     -   (2) an alkylene group as defined above that is interrupted by         1-20 atoms independently chosen from oxygen, sulfur and NR_(a)—,         where R_(a) is chosen from hydrogen, optionally substituted         alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl and         heterocyclyl, or groups selected from carbonyl, carboxyester,         carboxyamide and sulfonyl; or     -   (3) an alkylene group as defined above that has both 1, 2, 3, 4         or 5 substituents as defined above and is also interrupted by         1-20 atoms as defined above. Examples of substituted alkylenes         are chloromethylene (—CH(Cl)-), aminoethylene (—CH(NH₂)CH₂—),         methylaminoethylene (—CH(NHMe)CH₂—), 2-carboxypropylene         isomers(—CH₂CH(CO₂H)CH₂—), ethoxyethyl (—CH₂CH₂O—CH₂CH₂—),         ethylmethylaminoethyl         (—CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂—),1-ethoxy-2-(2-ethoxy-ethoxy)ethane         (—CH₂CH₂O—CH₂CH₂—OCH₂CH₂—OCH₂CH₂—), and the like.

The term “aralkyl” refers to an aryl group covalently linked to an alkylene group, where aryl and alkylene are defined herein. “Optionally substituted aralkyl” refers to an optionally substituted aryl group covalently linked to an optionally substituted alkylene group. Such aralkyl groups are exemplified by benzyl, phenylethyl, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl, and the like.

The term “alkoxy” refers to the group R—O—, where R is optionally substituted alkyl or optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or R is a group —Y-Z, in which Y is optionally substituted alkylene and Z is optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl; or optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, where alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl are as defined herein. Preferred alkoxy groups are alkyl-O— and include, by way of example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, 1,2-dimethylbutoxy, and the like.

The term “lower alkoxy” refers to the group R—O— in which R is optionally substituted lower alkyl as defined above. This term is exemplified by groups such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-hexyloxy, and the like.

The term “alkylthio” refers to the group R—S—, where R is as defined for alkoxy.

The term “alkenyl” refers to a monoradical of a branched or unbranched unsaturated hydrocarbon group preferably having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 10 carbon atoms and even more preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms and having 1-6, preferably 1, double bond (vinyl). Preferred alkenyl groups include ethenyl or vinyl (—CH═CH₂), 1-propylene or allyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂), isopropylene (—C(CH₃)═CH₂), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene, and the like. In the event that alkenyl is attached to nitrogen, the double bond cannot be alpha to the nitrogen.

The term “lower alkenyl” refers to alkenyl as defined above having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.

The term “substituted alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group as defined above having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents, and preferably 1, 2, or 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio, heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a monoradical of an unsaturated hydrocarbon, preferably having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 10 carbon atoms and even more preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms and having at least 1 and preferably from 1-6 sites of acetylene (triple bond) unsaturation. Preferred alkynyl groups include ethynyl, (—C≡CH), propargyl (or propynyl, —C≡CCH₃), and the like. In the event that alkynyl is attached to nitrogen, the triple bond cannot be alpha to the nitrogen.

The term “substituted alkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group as defined above having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents, and preferably 1, 2, or 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio, heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “aminocarbonyl” refers to the group —C(O)NRR where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or where both R groups are joined to form a heterocyclic group (e.g., morpholino). Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “ester” or “carboxyester” refers to the group —C(O)OR, where R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, which may be optionally further substituted by alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, or —S(O)_(n)R_(a), in which R_(a) is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “acylamino” refers to the group —NRC(O)R where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl. All substituents may be optionally further substituted by alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, or —S(O)_(n)R, in which R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “acyloxy” refers to the groups —O(O)C-alkyl, —O(O)C-cycloalkyl, —O(O)C-aryl, —O(O)C-heteroaryl, and —O(O)C-heterocyclyl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “aryl” refers to an aromatic carbocyclic group of 6 to 20 carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple rings (e.g., biphenyl), or multiple condensed (fused) rings (e.g., naphthyl, fluorenyl, and anthryl). Preferred aryls include phenyl, fluorenyl, naphthyl and the like.

Unless otherwise constrained by the definition for the aryl substituent, such aryl groups can optionally be substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents, preferably 1, 2, or 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio, heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “aryloxy” refers to the group aryl-O— wherein the aryl group is as defined above, and includes optionally substituted aryl groups as also defined above. The term “arylthio” refers to the group R—S—, where R is as defined for aryl.

The term “amino” refers to the group —NH₂.

The term “substituted amino” refers to the group —NRR where each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl provided that both R groups are not hydrogen, or a group —Y-Z, in which Y is optionally substituted alkylene and Z is alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, or alkynyl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “carboxyalkyl” refers to the groups —C(O)O-alkyl, —C(O)O-cycloalkyl, where alkyl and cycloalkyl, are as defined herein, and may be optionally further substituted by alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, or —S(O)_(n)R, in which R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to cyclic alkyl groups of from 3 to 20 carbon atoms having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed rings. Such cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, single ring structures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, and the like, or multiple ring structures such as adamantanyl, and bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, or cyclic alkyl groups to which is fused an aryl group, for example indan, and the like.

The term “substituted cycloalkyl” refers to cycloalkyl groups having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents, and preferably 1, 2, or 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio, heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The term “halogen” or “halo” refers to fluoro, bromo, chloro, and iodo.

The term “acyl” denotes a group —C(O)R, in which R is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic group (i.e., unsaturated) comprising 1 to 15 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur within at least one ring.

Unless otherwise constrained by the definition for the heteroaryl substituent, such heteroaryl groups can be optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents, preferably 1, 2, or 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl (an alkyl ester), arylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, aralkyl, heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2. Such heteroaryl groups can have a single ring (e.g., pyridyl or furyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., indolizinyl, benzothiazole, or benzothienyl). Examples of nitrogen heterocycles and heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole, indole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine, naphthylpyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine, phenanthroline, isothiazole, phenazine, isoxazole, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, imidazolidine, imidazoline, and the like as well as N-alkoxy-nitrogen containing heteroaryl compounds.

The term “heteroaryloxy” refers to the group heteroaryl-O—.

The term “heterocyclyl” refers to a monoradical saturated group having a single ring or multiple condensed rings, having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms and from 1 to 10 hetero atoms, preferably 1 to 4 heteroatoms, selected from nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and/or oxygen within the ring.

Unless otherwise constrained by the definition for the heterocyclic substituent, such heterocyclic groups can be optionally substituted with 1 to 5, and preferably 1, 2, or 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxy, keto, thiocarbonyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, arylthio, heteroarylthio, heterocyclylthio, thiol, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonylamino, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl. Unless otherwise constrained by the definition, all substituents may optionally be further substituted by 1, 2, or 3 substituents chosen from alkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, aminocarbonyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, CF₃, amino, substituted amino, cyano, and —S(O)_(n)R, where R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl and n is 0, 1 or 2. Heterocyclic groups can have a single ring or multiple condensed rings. Preferred heterocyclics include tetrahydrofuranyl, morpholino, piperidinyl, and the like.

The term “thiol” refers to the group —SH.

The term “substituted alkylthio” refers to the group —S-substituted alkyl.

The term “heteroarylthiol” refers to the group —S-heteroaryl wherein the heteroaryl group is as defined above including optionally substituted heteroaryl groups as also defined above.

The term “sulfoxide” refers to a group —S(O)R, in which R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. “Substituted sulfoxide” refers to a group —S(O)R, in which R is substituted alkyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl, as defined herein.

The term “sulfone” refers to a group —S(O)₂R, in which R is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. “Substituted sulfone” refers to a group —S(O)₂R, in which R is substituted alkyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl, as defined herein.

The term “keto” refers to a group —C(O)—. The term “thiocarbonyl” refers to a group —C(S)—. The term “carboxy” refers to a group —C(O)—OH.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not.

The term “compound of Formula I” is intended to encompass the compounds of the invention as disclosed, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable esters, hydrates, polymorphs, and prodrugs of such compounds. Additionally, the compounds of the invention may possess one or more asymmetric centers, and can be produced as a racemic mixture or as individual enantiomers or diastereoisomers. The number of stereoisomers present in any given compound of Formula I depends upon the number of asymmetric centers present (there are 2^(n) stereoisomers possible where n is the number of asymmetric centers). The individual stereoisomers may be obtained by resolving a racemic or non-racemic mixture of an intermediate at some appropriate stage of the synthesis, or by resolution of the compound of Formula I by conventional means. The individual stereoisomers (including individual enantiomers and diastereoisomers) as well as racemic and non-racemic mixtures of stereoisomers are encompassed within the scope of the present invention, all of which are intended to be depicted by the structures of this specification unless otherwise specifically indicated.

“Isomers” are different compounds that have the same molecular formula.

“Stereoisomers” are isomers that differ only in the way the atoms are arranged in space.

“Enantiomers” are a pair of stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. A 1:1 mixture of a pair of enantiomers is a “racemic” mixture. The term “(±)” is used to designate a racemic mixture where appropriate.

“Diastereoisomers” are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetric atoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other.

The absolute stereochemistry is specified according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog R—S system. When the compound is a pure enantiomer the stereochemistry at each chiral carbon may be specified by either R or S. Resolved compounds whose absolute configuration is unknown are designated (+) or (−) depending on the direction (dextro- or laevorotary) that they rotate the plane of polarized light at the wavelength of the sodium D line.

The term “compound of Formula I” is intended to encompass the compounds of the invention as disclosed, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable esters, polymorphs, and prodrugs of such compounds.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of a compound of Formula I that is sufficient to effect treatment, as defined below, when administered to a mammal in need of such treatment. The therapeutically effective amount will vary depending upon the subject and disease condition being treated, the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The term “treatment” or “treating” means any treatment of a disease in a mammal, including:

-   -   (i) preventing the disease, that is, causing the clinical         symptoms of the disease not to develop;     -   (ii) inhibiting the disease, that is, arresting the development         of clinical symptoms; and/or     -   (iii) relieving the disease, that is, causing the regression of         clinical symptoms.

In many cases, the compounds of this invention are capable of forming acid and/or base salts by virtue of the presence of amino and/or carboxyl groups or groups similar thereto.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the compounds of Formula I, and which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be prepared from inorganic and organic bases. Salts derived from inorganic bases, include by way of example only, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium and magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, such as alkyl amines, dialkyl amines, trialkyl amines, substituted alkyl amines, di(substituted alkyl) amines, tri(substituted alkyl) amines, alkenyl amines, dialkenyl amines, trialkenyl amines, substituted alkenyl amines, di(substituted alkenyl) amines, tri(substituted alkenyl) amines, cycloalkyl amines, di(cycloalkyl)amines, tri(cycloalkyl) amines, substituted cycloalkyl amines, disubstituted cycloalkyl amine, trisubstituted cycloalkyl amines, cycloalkenyl amines, di(cycloalkenyl) amines, tri(cycloalkenyl) amines, substituted cycloalkenyl amines, disubstituted cycloalkenyl amine, trisubstituted cycloalkenyl amines, aryl amines, diaryl amines, triaryl amines, heteroaryl amines, diheteroaryl amines, triheteroaryl amines, heterocyclic amines, diheterocyclic amines, triheterocyclic amines, mixed di- and tri-amines where at least two of the substituents on the amine are different and are selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and the like. Also included are amines where the two or three substituents, together with the amino nitrogen, form a heterocyclic or heteroaryl group.

Specific examples of suitable amines include, by way of example only, isopropylamine, trimethyl amine, diethyl amine, tri(iso-propyl) amine, tri(n-propyl) amine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, tromethamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, N-alkylglucamines, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, and the like.

Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from inorganic and organic acids. Salts derived from inorganic acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. Salts derived from organic acids include acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluene-sulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.

“Fatty acid oxidation inhibitors” refers to compounds that suppress ATP production from the oxidation of fatty acids and consequently stimulate ATP production from the oxidation of glucose and lactate. In the heart, most of the ATP production is acquired through the metabolism of fatty acids. The metabolism of glucose and lactate provides a lesser proportion of ATP. However, the generation of ATP from fatty acids is less efficient with respect to oxygen consumption than the generation of ATP from the oxidation of glucose and lactate. Thus, the use of fatty acid oxidation inhibitors results in more energy production per molecule of oxygen consumed, allowing the heart to be energized more efficiently. Fatty acid oxidation inhibitors are especially useful, therefore, for treating an ischemic environment in which oxygen levels are reduced.

Nomenclature

The naming and numbering of the compounds of the invention is illustrated with a representative compound of Formula I in which where R⁹ is 4-chromanyl, R¹⁰ is 2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yl, T is —O—, X is —(CH₂)₄—, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are hydrogen, Y is methylene, and Z is oxygen;

which is named: (2R)-1-[4-(4-chroman-4-yloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol

Synthetic Reaction Parameters

The terms “solvent,” “inert organic solvent” or “inert solvent” refer to a solvent inert under the conditions of the reaction being described in conjunction therewith [including, for example, benzene, toluene, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (“THF”), dimethylformamide (“DMF”), chloroform, methylene chloride (or dichloromethane), diethyl ether, methanol, pyridine and the like]. Unless specified to the contrary, the solvents used in the reactions of the present invention are inert organic solvents, and the reactions are carried out under an inert gas, preferably nitrogen.

The term “q.s.” means adding a quantity sufficient to achieve a stated function, e.g., to bring a solution to the desired volume (i.e., 100%).

Synthesis of the Compounds of Formula I

The compounds of the invention may be prepared using conventional and well-known synthetic methods. Typically, the portion of the molecule containing the central nitrogen heterocycle is prepared first and then the desired Y-Z-R⁹ substituents added. When T is O, S, or —CO—NH—, or when R⁹ and T form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring, the addition of the X-T-R⁹ substituents may be accomplished using a simple substitution reaction. Reaction Scheme I illustrates this general synthetic pathway when Q is —N<.

in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, X, Y, and Z are as defined in the Summary of the Invention, Hal is halogen, and t-but is tertiary butyl.

Starting Materials

The compounds of formula (1), (2), and (4) are either commercially available or can be made by conventional methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

For example, the precursor to a compound of formula (4) where R¹ and R⁵ when taken together represent a bridging methylene group, i.e.;

is commercially available [(1S,4S)-(+)-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane], or can be made by a procedure disclosed in J. Org. Chem., 1990, 55, 1684-7. Similarly, the precursor to a compound of formula (4) where R¹ and R⁵ when taken together represent a bridging methylene group, and the precursor to a compound of formula (4) where R¹ and R⁷ when taken together represent a bridging methylene group, can be made by published procedures found in J. Med. Chem., 1974, 17, 481-7. The precursor to a compound of formula (4) in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ are hydrogen and R⁸ is —C(O)NH₂ is prepared from piperazine-2-carboxamide, a commercially available compound.

Step 1—Preparation of Formula (3)

The compound of formula (3) is prepared conventionally by reaction of a compound of formula (1), for example 5-hydroxy-2-methylbenzothiazole, with an epoxide of formula (2), which may be racemic or chiral. In general, the two compounds are mixed in an inert solvent, preferably a ketone, for example acetone, and a tertiary organic base or an inorganic base, preferably potassium carbonate, at a temperature of about reflux, for about 8-48 hours, preferably overnight. When the reaction is substantially complete, the product of formula (3) is isolated by conventional means, for example by filtration, removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, followed by chromatography of the residue on silica gel. Alternatively, the product can be crystallized from the filtrate after filtration.

Step 2—Preparation of Formula (5)

The compound of formula (3) is then reacted with a protected piperazine of formula (4). In general, the two compounds are mixed in an inert solvent, preferably a halogenated solvent, for example methylene chloride, optionally in the presence of a catalyst, for example ytterbium (III) trifluoromethanesulfonate. In the presence of a catalyst the reaction is conducted at about 0-30° C., preferably at about room temperature, for about 8-48 hours, preferably overnight. In the absence of a catalyst, the mixture is refluxed for a similar period of time in ethanol in the presence of triethylamine. When the reaction is substantially complete, the product of formula (5) is isolated by conventional means, for example by removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, followed by chromatography of the residue on silica gel.

Step 3—Preparation of Formula (6)

The compound of formula (5) is then deprotected by hydrolyzing the N-Boc protected carbamate. In general, the compound of formula (5) is dissolved in a mixture of an inert solvent, preferably a halogenated solvent, for example methylene chloride, and a strong acid, for example trifluoroacetic acid. The reaction is conducted at about 0-30° C., preferably at about room temperature, for about 8-48 hours, preferably overnight. When the reaction is substantially complete, the product of formula (6) is isolated by conventional means, for example by adding a base to remove excess acid, and removal of the solvent under reduced pressure.

Step 4—Preparation of a Compound of Formula I

The compound of formula (6) is then reacted with a compound of formula (7) (R⁹-T-X-Hal), for example (4-bromobutoxy)cyclopentane. Examples of such compounds are 3(4-chlorobutoxy)benzene, 2-bromo-1-(2-methylphenoxy)ethane, or 4-bromo-1-indan-5-yloxybutane, and the like. Such compounds are either commercially available, prepared by means well known in the art (see, for example, see J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39, 237-243) or prepared as shown herein. In general, the two compounds are mixed in an inert solvent, preferably a protic solvent, for example ethanol, in the presence of an inorganic or tertiary organic base, preferably triethylamine. The reaction is conducted at about 30-100° C., preferably at about reflux, for about 8-48 hours, preferably overnight. When the reaction is substantially complete, the product of Formula I is isolated by conventional means, for example by removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, followed by chromatography.

Variations to the Synthesis of the Compounds of Formula I Alternative Preparation of Formula (6)

A modified procedure can be used for preparing compounds of formula (6) in which R⁸ is lower alkyl and R¹-R⁷ are hydrogen that avoids the use of a protecting group. An example where R⁸ is methyl is shown in Reaction Scheme IA.

The compound of formula (3) is reacted with 2-methylpiperazine. In general, the two compounds are mixed in a protic solvent, for example ethanol. The reaction is conducted at about 5-100° C., preferably at about 80° C., for about 1-12 hours, preferably about 5 hours. When the reaction is substantially complete, the product of formula (6) is isolated by conventional means, for example by removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, followed by chromatography of the residue on silica gel.

The compound of formula (6) is then reacted with a compound of formula (7) as described above in Reaction Scheme I, step 4, to provide a compound of Formula I in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are hydrogen and R⁸ is methyl.

Alternative Preparations Using a Compound of Formula (7a)

Alternatively, the R⁹-T-X moiety may be added to the central ring prior to addition of the CH₂—CH(OH)—Y-Z-R¹⁰ substituent. An example where and R¹-R³ and R⁵-R⁸ are hydrogen and R⁴ is methyl is shown in Reaction Scheme IB.

The compound of formula (7) is reacted with 2-methylpiperazine. In general, the two compounds are mixed in an inert solvent, preferably a protic solvent, for example ethanol, in the presence of an inorganic or tertiary organic base, preferably triethylamine. The reaction is conducted at about 30-100° C., preferably at about 80° C., for about 2-12 hours, preferably about 8 hours. When the reaction is substantially complete, the product of formula (7a) is isolated by conventional means, for example by removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, followed by chromatography.

The compound of formula (7a) is then reacted with an epoxide of formula (3) as described in Reaction Scheme I, step 2, to provide a compound of Formula I in which R¹, R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are hydrogen and R⁴ is methyl.

The compound of formula (7a) may also be synthesized by using a vinyl derivative of the compound of formula (7). An example where and R¹-R³ and R⁵-R⁸ are hydrogen and R⁴ is methyl is shown in Reaction Scheme IC.

The compound of formula (7′) is reacted with 2-methylpiperazine. In general, the two compounds are mixed in an inert solvent, preferably a protic solvent, for example acetic acid. The reaction is conducted at about 30-100° C., preferably at about 50° C., for about 8-24 hours, preferably about 14 hours. When the reaction is substantially complete, the product of formula (7a) is isolated by conventional means, for example by removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, followed by chromatography.

Compounds of formula (7′) may also be reacted with compounds having the structure of formula (6) to provide Formula I compounds. As described above, the two compounds will be mixed in an inert, protic solvent, such as acetic acid and allowed to react at 30°-100° C. for approximately 8 to 24 hours. The Formula I compound may then be isolated and purified using conventional methods.

It will be appreciated that a protected version of the central ring may also be used in the synthesis of the compound of formula (7a). An example where and R¹-R³ and R⁵-R⁸ are hydrogen and R⁴ is methyl is shown in Reaction Scheme ID.

Reaction Scheme ID

The compound of formula (7) is reacted with N-Boc protected 2-methylpiperazine according to the procedure described for step 2. The resulting protected compound, here (7a′), is then deprotected as done in step 3 to produce the compound of formula (7a).

Alternative Preparations for Compounds wherein Q is —NH—CH<

Methods Using a Compound of Formula (4a)

A method similar to the method depicted in Reaction Scheme I may be employed to prepare compounds of Formula I in which Q is —NH—CH<, starting from a compound of formula (4a):

Compounds of formula (4a), which are optionally substituted 4-aminopiperidines, protected as BOC derivatives, are either commercially available, or can be made by means well known in the art. The compound of formula (4a) is then reacted as shown in steps 2, 3, and 4 above, to provide a compound of Formula I in which X is —NH—CH.

Methods Using a Compound of Formula (4b)

An additional method that may be employed to prepare compounds of Formula I in which Q is —NH—CH<, starts from a compound of formula (4b):

Compounds of formula (4b), which are optionally substituted piperidin-4-ones, usually obtained in the form of an HCl salt, are either commercially available, or can be made by means well known in the art. The compound of formula (4b) is reacted with a compound of formula (3) as shown in step 2 above to provide a compound of formula (5b):

The compound of formula (5b) is then reacted with an amine derivative of a compound of formula (7), i.e., a compound of formula (7b) (R⁹-T-X—NH₂), for example (3R)-3-amino-1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one, (3R)-3-amino-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one, (3R)-3-amino-1-(4-methylphenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one, or (3R)-3-amino-1-(2-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one, and the like. Such compounds are either commercially available, prepared by means well known in the art (see, for example, see J. Med. Chem., 1996, 39, 237-243) or prepared as shown herein.

In general, the two compounds are mixed in an inert solvent, preferably a protic solvent, for example ethanol, in the presence of an inorganic or tertiary organic base and/or other reducing agent. One preferred combination of base/reducing agent is a mixture of diisopropylamine and sodium triacetoxyborohydride. The reaction is conducted at about 20-30° C., preferably at room temperature, for about 8-72 hours, preferably for at least two days. When the reaction is substantially complete, the product of Formula I is isolated by conventional means, for example by removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, followed by chromatography.

Alternative Preparations for Compounds wherein T is —SO₂—NH— or —NH—SO₂— Methods when T is —SO₂—NH—

When T is —SO₂—NH— or —NH—SO₂—, the synthesis will generally be more involved. In instances when T is —SO₂—NH—, the T moiety will be formed in place with the innermost amino first bound to the core of the molecule and then the sulfonyl portion added in a final step. A suitable reaction pathway is depicted in Reaction Scheme II. It will be noted by those of ordinary skill in the art that, in Reaction Scheme II, X cannot be a covalent bond.

Step 1—Preparation of Formula (9)

As shown in Reaction Scheme II, a haloalkylphthalimide is reacted at approximately 80° C. to approximately 100° C. with a compound of formula (6) in triethylamine for 12 to 24 hours. It should be noted that a compound of formula (6a) could also be used. The resulting product, a compound of formula (9), may be concentrated and purified using conventional method.

Step 2—Preparation of Formula (10)

The compound of formula (9) is placed in a polar solvent such as methanol and reacted with hydrazine hydrate for 12 to 18 hours. Acid, such as HCl, is added to the solution and the mixture is heated to approximately 85° C. for one hour. The application of heat and addition of acid results in the precipitation of phthalimide residue from solution. The compound of formula (10) is then purified from the filtrate by first raising the pH of the filtrate to approximately 14 and then extracting the compound with a solvent such as Et₂O.

Step 3—Preparation of Formula (11), a Compound of Formula I

Once the amine compound of formula (10) has been prepared, the R⁹—SO₂ portion of the Formula I compound is added by simple substitution. A halogenated sulfonyl compound, such as a sulfonyl chloride, may be used and is typically reacted in a polar solvent such as dimethoxyethane for 1 to 20 hours at 0° C. The resulting Formula I compound, here a compound of formula (11), may then be purified using conventional methods.

Methods when T is —NH—SO₂—

In instances when T is —NH—SO₂—, a halogen-based substitution reaction may be used to synthesize the desired compound. The halogenated precursor may be obtained commercially or may be conventionally synthesized. A suitable reaction pathway is depicted in Reaction Scheme III.

Step 1—Preparation of Formula (13)

As shown in Reaction Scheme III, an R⁹-amine precursor (11) is reacted with a dihaloalkylsulfonyl compound of formula (12) in triethylamine and then rinsed with acid. Conventional separation and purification provides the resulting vinyl substituted R⁹ sulfonamide precursor of formula (13).

Step 2—Preparation of a Compound of Formula I

Once the vinyl substituted R⁹ sulfonamide precursor of formula (13) has been prepared, it may be reacted with compound of formula (6), or optionally (6a), to provide the desired Formula I compound. Generally, this reaction takes place in a polar solvent such as EtOH in the presence of diisopropylethylamine (DIEA). The resulting Formula I compound, here a compound of formula (14), may then be purified using conventional methods.

As before, a different procedure may be used were the R⁹-T-X moiety may be added to the central ring prior to addition of the CH₂—CH(OH)—Y-Z-R¹⁰ substituent. An example where R¹-R³ and R⁵-R⁸ are hydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, and X is ethylene is shown in Reaction Scheme IIIA.

The compound of formula (13) is reacted with 2-methylpiperazine. In general, the two compounds are mixed in an inert solvent, preferably a protic solvent, for example ethanol, in the presence of an inorganic or tertiary organic base, preferably triethylamine. The reaction is conducted at about 30-100° C., preferably at about 80° C., for about 2-12 hours, preferably about 8 hours. When the reaction is substantially complete, the product of formula (7b) is isolated by conventional means, for example by removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, followed by chromatography.

The compound of formula (7b) is then reacted with an epoxide of formula (3) as described in Reaction Scheme I, step 2, to provide a compound of Formula I in which R¹, R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are hydrogen, R⁴ is methyl, and T is —NH—SO₂—.

Utility, Testing and Administration General Utility

The compounds of Formula I are effective in the treatment of conditions known to respond to administration of fatty acid oxidation inhibitors and/or late sodium channel blockers, including protection of skeletal muscles against damage resulting from trauma, intermittent claudication, shock, and cardiovascular diseases including atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, Prinzmetal's (variant) angina, stable angina, unstable angina, ischemia and reperfusion injury in cardiac, kidney, liver and the brain, exercise induced angina, congestive heart disease, and myocardial infarction. The compounds of Formula I can also be used to preserve donor tissue and organs used in transplants, and may be co-administered with thrombolytics, anticoagulants, and other agents.

Testing

Activity testing is conducted as described in those patents and patent applications referenced above, and in the Examples below, and by methods apparent to one skilled in the art.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The compounds of Formula I are usually administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. This invention therefore provides pharmaceutical compositions that contain, as the active ingredient, one or more of the compounds of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, including inert solid diluents and fillers, diluents, including sterile aqueous solution and various organic solvents, permeation enhancers, solubilizers and adjuvants. The compounds of Formula I may be administered alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents. Such compositions are prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mace Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 17^(th) Ed. (1985) and “Modern Pharmaceutics”, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 3^(rd) Ed. (G. S. Banker & C. T. Rhodes, Eds.).

Administration

The compounds of Formula I may be administered in either single or multiple doses by any of the accepted modes of administration of agents having similar utilities, for example as described in those patents and patent applications incorporated by reference, including rectal, buccal, intranasal and transdermal routes, by intra-arterial injection, intravenously, intraperitoneally, parenterally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, orally, topically, as an inhalant, or via an impregnated or coated device such as a stent, for example, or an artery-inserted cylindrical polymer.

One mode for administration is parental, particularly by injection. The forms in which the novel compositions of the present invention may be incorporated for administration by injection include aqueous or oil suspensions, or emulsions, with sesame oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs, mannitol, dextrose, or a sterile aqueous solution, and similar pharmaceutical vehicles. Aqueous solutions in saline are also conventionally used for injection, but less preferred in the context of the present invention. Ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like (and suitable mixtures thereof), cyclodextrin derivatives, and vegetable oils may also be employed. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.

Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the compound of Formula I in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various other ingredients as enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

Compounds of Formula I may be impregnated into a stent by diffusion, for example, or coated onto the stent such as in a gel form, for example, using procedures known to one of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure.

Oral administration is another route for administration of the compounds of Formula I. Administration may be via capsule or enteric coated tablets, or the like. In making the pharmaceutical compositions that include at least one compound of Formula I, the active ingredient is usually diluted by an excipient and/or enclosed within such a carrier that can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be in the form of a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material (as above), which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% by weight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.

Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, sterile water, syrup, and methyl cellulose. The formulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents.

The compositions of the invention can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art. Controlled release drug delivery systems for oral administration include osmotic pump systems and dissolutional systems containing polymer-coated reservoirs or drug-polymer matrix formulations. Examples of controlled release systems are given in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 4,326,525; 4,902,514; and 5,616,345. Another formulation for use in the methods of the present invention employs transdermal delivery devices (“patches”). Such transdermal patches may be used to provide continuous or discontinuous infusion of the compounds of the present invention in controlled amounts. The construction and use of transdermal patches for the delivery of pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,023,252, 4,992,445 and 5,001,139. Such patches may be constructed for continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery of pharmaceutical agents.

The compositions are preferably formulated in a unit dosage form. The term “unit dosage forms” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient (e.g., a tablet, capsule, ampoule). The compounds of Formula I are effective over a wide dosage range and are generally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. Preferably, for oral administration, each dosage unit contains from 1 mg to 2 g of a compound of Formula I, and for parenteral administration, preferably from 0.1 to 700 mg of a compound of Formula I. It will be understood, however, that the amount of the compound of Formula I actually administered will be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered and its relative activity, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.

For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present invention. When referring to these preformulation compositions as homogeneous, it is meant that the active ingredient is dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition may be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules.

The tablets or pills of the present invention may be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action, or to protect from the acid conditions of the stomach. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer that serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate.

Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as described supra. Preferably, the compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect. Compositions in preferably pharmaceutically acceptable solvents may be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be inhaled directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device may be attached to a facemask tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powder compositions may be administered, preferably orally or nasally, from devices that deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.

The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of a Compound of Formula (3) Preparation of a Compound of Formula (3) in which R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl, Y is Methylene, and Z is Oxygen

A mixture of 2-methylbenzothiazol-5-ol (6.0 g, 36 mmol), (S)-(+)-epichlorohydrin (20 ml, 182 mmol), and potassium carbonate (20 g, 144 mmol) in acetone (100 ml), was heated to reflux and allowed to stir overnight. The solution was allowed to cool and filtered through Celite 512. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield an oil, which was chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with 20% ethyl acetate/hexanes, to yield 2-methyl-5-(R)-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)benzothiazole as white solid.

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of a Compound of Formula (5) A. Preparation of a Compound of Formula (5) in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ are Hydrogen, Y is Methylene, Z is —O—, and R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl

To 2-methyl-5-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)benzothiazole (2.21 g, 10 mmol), a compound of formula (3), was added tert-butyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate (1.86 g, 10 mmol), a compound of formula (4), and ethanol (30 ml). The resulting solution was heated to 85° C. and stirred for 8 hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with 5% methanol/methylene chloride, to yield tert-butyl 4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinecarboxylate as a clear oil.

B. Preparation of a Compound of Formula (5) in which R¹, R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ are Hydrogen, R⁴ is (S)-Methyl, Y is Methylene, Z is —O—, and R¹⁰ is 2S-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 1A above, but replacing tert-butyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate with tert-butyl (3S)-3-methylpiperazinecarboxylate, the following compound of formula (5) was prepared, tert-butyl 4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl](3S)-3-methylpiperazinecarboxylate.

C. Preparation of a Compound of Formula (5a) in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ are Hydrogen, Y is Methylene, Z is —O—, and R¹⁰ is 2 Methoxyphenyl

A solution of 2-methoxy-1-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)benzene (0.989 g, 1.1 mmol) and N—BOC-4-aminopiperidine (1 g, 5 mmol) in ethanol (10 ml) was refluxed for 2 hours. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure, and the residue flash chromatographed, eluting with 0-5% methanol/dichloromethane, to provide N-{1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}(tert-butoxy)carboxamide, a compound of formula (5a).

D. Preparation of Compounds of Formula (5) and (5a), varying R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁰, Y, and Z

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 2A or 2C above, but optionally replacing tert-butyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate with other compounds of formula (4), or optionally replacing N—BOC-4-aminopiperidine with other compounds of formula (4a), and optionally replacing 2-methyl-5-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)benzothiazole with other compounds of formula (3), or optionally replacing 2-methoxy-1-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)benzene with other compounds of formula (3a), other compounds of formula (5) and (5a) are prepared.

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of a Compound of Formula (6) A. Preparation of a Compound of Formula (6) in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ are Hydrogen, Y is Methylene, Z is —O—, and R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl

A solution of 4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (2.9 g, 7.1 mmol), a compound of formula (5), was dissolved in a 4N solution of HCl in dioxane (20 ml) and allowed to stir at room temperature for 4 hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield a white solid. The white solid was dried under high vacuum, and then dissolved in methanol (250 ml). AG 1-X8 resin was added and the mixture shaken. Additional resin was added until a neutral pH was obtained. The resin beads were removed by filtration, and methanol removed from the filtrate under reduced pressure, and the residue placed under high vacuum overnight, to yield (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-piperazinylpropan-2-ol as an oil.

B. Preparation of a Compound of Formula (6) in which R¹, R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ are Hydrogen, R⁴ is (S)-Methyl, Y is Methylene, Z is —O—, and R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 3A above, but replacing 4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester with tert-butyl (3S)-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]-3-methylpiperazinecarboxylate, the following compound of formula (6), (6′), was prepared, (2R)-1-((2S)-2-methylpiperazinyl)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol.

C. Preparation of a Compound of Formula (6a) in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶R⁷, R⁸ are Hydrogen, Y is Methylene, Z is —O—, and R¹⁰ is 2 Methoxyphenyl

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 3A above, but replacing 4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester with (tert-butoxy)-N-{1-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}carboxamide, the following compound of formula (6) was prepared, (2R)-1-(4-aminopiperidyl)-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propan-2-ol.

D. Preparation of a Compound of Formula (6), varying R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁰, Y, and Z

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 3A or 3C above, but replacing 2-methyl-5-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)benzothiazole with other compounds of formula (5) or (5a), other compounds of formula (6) or (6a) are prepared.

EXAMPLE 4 A. Preparation of a Compound of Formula I in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are Hydrogen, Q is —N<, X is Butylene, Y is Methylene, T and Z are —O—, R⁹ is Cyclopentyl, and R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl Step 1. Synthesis of a Compound of Formula (7)

NaH (560 mg, 13.93 mmol, 60% disp. in mineral oil) was washed with hexanes (3×20 mL) in a pressure tube and toluene (6 mL,) was added. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and cyclopentanol (1 g, 11.61 mmol) in toluene (6 mL) was added over 20 min. After stirring at 0° C. for 30 min., 1,4-dibromobutane (1.39 mL, 11.61 mmol) and KI (250 mg) were added. The solution was heated to 100° C. for 14 hours. Upon cooling, the reaction was quenched with NaCl (sat. aq.) and the product extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue via flash column chromatography afforded (4-bromobutoxy)cyclopentane.

Step 2. Synthesis of the Formula I Compound

A solution of (4-bromobutoxy)cyclopentane (400 mg, 1.81 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was treated with DIEA (0.64 mL, 3.62 mmol) and 1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-piperazin-1-ylpropan-2-ol as prepared in Example 3A (557 mg, 1.81 mmol). The solution was stirred at reflux 15 hours. Upon cooling, the product was concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography (10% MeOH/EtOAc) to yield (2R)-3-[4-(4-cyclopentyloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol.

B. Preparation of Other Compounds of Formula I

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 4A above, but optionally substituting (4-bromobutoxy)cyclopentane with other R⁹—O—X-Hal ethers, and optionally replacing 1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-piperazin-1-ylpropan-2-ol with other compounds of formula (6) or (6a), the following compounds of Formula I were prepared:

-   (2R)-1-[4-(4-indan-2-yloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-[4-(4-cyclohexyloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-[4-(4-cyclobutoxybutyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-(4-{4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexyloxy]butyl}piperazinyl)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-(4-{4-[4-(tert-butyl)cyclohexyloxy]butyl}piperazinyl)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-[4-(4-cyclopentyloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-{4-[4-(1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yloxy)butyl]piperazinyl}propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-[4-(4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyloxy)butyl)piperazinyl]propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[4-(1-methoxyindan-2-yloxy)butyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol;     and -   (2R)-1-[4-(4-(2H-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxy)butyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol.

EXAMPLE 5 A. Preparation of a Compound of Formula I in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are Hydrogen, Q is —N<, X is Butylene, Y is Methylene, T and Z are —O—, R⁹ is Phenyl, and R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl

(4-Chlorobutoxy)benzene (320 mg, 1.39 mmol) in EtOH (17 Ml) was treated with DIEA (0.48 Ml, 2.78 mmol) and 1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-piperazin-1-ylpropan-2-ol as prepared in Example 3A (427 mg, 1.39 mmol), then stirred 14 hours at 88° C. Upon cooling, concentrated in vacuo and purified on the Isco™ (10 g Redisep™ columns, 100% EtOAc hold 2 min., 8 min. gradient to 20% MeOH/EtOAc, hold 10 min) to provide (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-[4-(4-phenoxybutyl)piperazinyl]propan-2-ol.

B. Preparation of Other Compounds of Formula I

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 5A above, but optionally substituting (4-chlorobutoxy)benzene with other R⁹—O—X-Hal ethers, and optionally replacing 1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-piperazin-1-ylpropan-2-ol with other compounds of formula (6) or (6a), the following compounds of Formula I were prepared:

-   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-[4-(3-phenoxypropyl)piperazinyl]propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(phenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol;     and -   (2R)-1-{4-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)butyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol.

EXAMPLE 6 A. Preparation of a Compound of Formula I in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are Hydrogen, Q is —N<, X is Ethylene, Y is Methylene, T and Z are —O—, R⁹ is 2-Methylphenyl, and R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl Step 1. Synthesis of a Compound of Formula (7)

2-Methyl-phenol (1 g, 9.25 mmol) in NaOH (aq) (3.24 mL, 12.96 mmol, 4M soln.) was treated with dibromoethane (2.74 mL, 31.7 mmol) and t-butylammoniumhydrogen sulfate (catalytic), and then placed in a Robbins™ oven at 99° C. for 72 hours. The pH was then adjusted to ˜8 with NaOH (4M aq. soln.) and the product extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (×3). The combined organic layer was washed with H₂O (×2) and brine, dried over MgSO₄. The resulting oil taken up in 4:1 hexane/EtOAc and passed through a plug of silica gel. The plug was then washed with 4:1 hexane/EtOAc and the filtrate concentrated to provide crude 2-bromo-1-(2-methylphenoxy)ethane.

Step 2. Synthesis of the Formula I Compound

To a solution of 2-bromo-1-(2-methylphenoxy)ethane (1.09 g, 5.09 mmol, crude) in EtOH (15 mL) was added (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-piperazinylpropan-2-ol as prepared in Example 3A (250 mg, 0.81 mmol) and DIEA (1.5 mL, 8.6 mmol). The solution was stirred at reflux for 14 hours. Upon cooling, the solution was concentrated to an oil and then purified on an Isco™ (100% EtOAc hold 2 min, 8 min. gradient to 20% MeOH/EtOAc, hold 10 min) to afford (2R)-1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-{4-[2-(2-methylphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}propan-2-ol.

B. Preparation of Other Compounds of Formula I

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 6A above, but optionally replacing (2-bromo-1-(2-methylphenoxy)ethane with other R⁹—O—X-Hal ethers, and optionally replacing (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-piperazinylpropan-2-ol with other compounds of formula (6) or (6a), the following compounds of Formula I were prepared:

-   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(2-methoxy-4-chlorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-phenylphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(3,5-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(3-chloro-4-bromophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[3-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-1-{4-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)butyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; -   2-[4-(4-{4-[2-(2R)-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenoxy]acetic     acid; -   2-[4-(4-{4-[2-(2R)-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic     acid; and -   3-[4-(4-{4-[2-(2R)-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl]propanoic     acid.

EXAMPLE 7 A. Preparation of a Compound of Formula I in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are Hydrogen, Q is —N<, X is Butylene, Y is Methylene, T and Z are —O—, R⁹ is Indane-5-yl, and R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl Step 1. Synthesis of a Compound of Formula (7)

5-Indanol (1 g, 7.45 mmol) in NaOH (aq) (5.22 mL, 20.88 mmol, 4 M soln.) was treated with dibromobutane (3.38 mL, 28.3 mmol) and t-butylammoniumhydrogensulfate (catalytic). The solution was placed in a Robbins™ oven for 14 hours at 99° C. Upon cooling, the pH was adjusted to 8 with 4 N NaOH. CH₂Cl₂ was then added and the solution washed with H₂O (×2) and brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to an oil. The oil was then dissolved in 4:1 hexane/EtOAc and passed through a plug of silica gel which was then washed with 4:1 hexane/EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated to afford 4-bromo-1-indan-5-yloxybutane.

Step 2. Synthesis of the Formula I Compound

A solution of 4-bromo-1-indan-5-yloxybutane (934 mg, 3.46 mmol, crude) in EtOH (10 mL) was treated with (2R)-1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-piperazinylpropan-2-ol as prepared in Example 3A (250 mg, 0.81 mmol) and DIEA (0.57 mL, 3.3 mmol) and refluxed for 14 hours. Upon cooling to RT, the solution was then concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via an Isco™ (100% EtOAc 4 min, 10 min gradient to 25% MeOH/EtOAc, hold 6 min.) to afford (2R)-3-[4-(4-indan-5-yloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol.

B. Preparation of Other Compounds of Formula I

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 7A above, but optionally replacing 4-bromo-1-indan-5-yloxybutane ethane with other R⁹—O—X-Hal ethers, and optionally replacing 1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-piperazin-1-ylpropan-2-ol with other compounds of formula (6) or (6a), the following compounds of Formula I were prepared:

-   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-[4-(4-(2-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyloxy)butyl)piperazinyl]propan-2-ol; -   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-(4-{4-[1-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-3-yloxy]butyl}piperazinyl)propan-2-ol; -   6-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)-2,3a,7a-trihydrobenzo[2,1-b]furan-3-one; -   ethyl     2-[4-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl]acetate; -   ethyl     3-[4-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl]propanoate; -   ethyl     2-[4-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenoxy]acetate; -   ethyl     2-[4-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoate;     and -   (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-(4-{6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]hexyl}piperazinyl)propan-2-ol.

EXAMPLE 8 A. Preparation of a Compound of Formula I in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are Hydrogen, Q is —N<, X is a Covalent Bond, Y is Methylene, Z is —O—, T and R⁹ are joined to form 1-Phenyl-2-pyrrolidinone, and R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl Step 1. Synthesis of a Compound of Formula (7)

1-Phenyl-2-pyrrolidinone (1 g, 6.2 mmol) in THF (60 mL, anhydrous) was cooled to −40° C. and LiHMDS (8 mL, 8 mmol, 1 M soln. in THF) was added. The resulting solution was stirred for 40 min. and tosyl chloride (1.78 g, 9.33 mmol) was then added. After warming the solution to RT over a 14 hour period, H₂O added to quench reaction. The solution was then concentrated to provide an oil. Next, the oil was redissolved in EtOAc and washed with H₂O and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to an oil once again. Purified via flash column chromatography (4:1 hexane/EtOAc) provided 3-chloro-1-phenylpyrrolidin-2-one.

Step 2. Synthesis of the Formula I Compound

To a solution of 3-chloro-1-phenylpyrrolidin-2-one (100 mg, 0.51 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) was added 1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-piperazin-1-ylpropan-2-ol as prepared in Example 3A (190 mg, 0.62 mmol) and Et₃N (0.2 mL, 1.43 mmol). The solution was stirred at 85° C. for 60 hours. Upon cooling, the solution was concentrated to an oil and purified via flash column chromatography to afford 3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-phenylpyrrolidin-2-one.

EXAMPLE 9 A. Preparation of a Compound of Formula I in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are Hydrogen, Q is —N<, X is a Covalent Bond, Y is Methylene, Z is —O—, T and R⁹ are joined to form 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)1-2-pyrrolidinone-4-yl, and R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl Step 1. Synthesis of a Compound of Formula (7)

4-Fluoroaniline (0.7 ml, 7.6 mmol) was added to 2-methylenebutanedioic acid (1.0 g, 7.6 mmol) in a sealed tube. The mixture was heated to 110 degrees for 3 hours after which a precipitate formed. The reaction was filtered and the solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate and concentrated to yield 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (M+1=223.8). The product was taken to next step without determining mass.

1-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (unknown amount) was dissolved in 20 ml ethanol and cooled to 0° C. HCl gas was bubbled into the solution until the solution became red in color. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stir overnight. The solvent was removed to yield ethyl 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (M+1=251.93).

To a solution of ethyl 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (0.25 g, 1.0 mmol) in ethanol (10 ml) was added lithium chloride (0.085 g, 2.0 mmol) and sodium borohydride (0.080 g, 2.0 mmol). The reaction was stirred 24 hours at room temperature. The solvent was removed and 30 ml water was added to the residue. The aqueous solution was acidified with conc. HCl until the pH was 2-3. The acidic solution was extracted with EtOAc (3×75 ml). The organic layer was then washed with water (100 ml), dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was purified using preparative TLC (15:1 DCM:MeOH) to yield 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (H HNMR). This was repeated twice.

To a cooled solution of 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (0.05 g, 0.25 mmol) in pyridine (3 ml) was added triphenylphosphine (0.130 g, 0.5 mmol). The solution was stirred and carbon tetrabromide (0.08 g, 0.25 mmol) was added in 3 separate portions. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for three hours. The reaction was quenched with methanol and the solvent removed. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (75 ml) and sequentially washed with ammonium chloride (sat, 2×25 ml) and water (25 ml). The organic layer was concentrated and purified using preparative tlc (1:1 EtOac:Hexanes) to yield 4-(bromomethyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (HNMR).

Step 2. Synthesis of the Formula I Compound

A solution of 4-(bromomethyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (0.04 g, 0.15 mmol), (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-piperazinylpropan-2-ol 2×HCl (0.09 g, 0.24 mmol), and potassium carbonate (0.150 g, 1.15 mmol) in N,N′ dimethylformamide (2 ml) was heated to 70° C. for 16 hours. The solution was filtered and the filtrate concentrated. The residue was purified using preparative chromatography (15:1 DCM:MeOH) to yield 4-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (M+1=498.99).

B. Preparation of Other Compounds of Formula I

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 8A or 8B above, but optionally replacing the formula (7) compound with other R⁹-T-X-Hal compounds, and optionally replacing 1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-piperazin-1-ylpropan-2-ol with other compounds of formula (6) or (6a), the following compounds of Formula I were prepared:

-   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-(4-methylphenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; -   1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl]-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-benzoxazol-2-yl-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-(4-vinylphenyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-phenylazolidine-2,5-dione;     and -   4-[(4-{(2R)-3-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl}piperazinyl)methyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one.

EXAMPLE 10 Preparation of a Compound of Formula I in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are Hydrogen, Q is —N<, X is Ethylene, Y is Methylene, T is —SO₂—NH—, Z is —O—, R⁹ is Indane-5-yl, and R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl Step 1. Synthesis of a Compound of Formula (9)

To a solution of (2R)-1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-piperazin-1-ylpropan-2-ol (500 mg, 1.63 mmol) in EtOH (25 mL) was added N-(2-bromoethyl) phthalimide (435 mg, 1.71 mmol) and Et₃N (0.79 mL, 5.7 mmol). The reacting solution was shaken at 90° C. for 16 hours. Upon cooling, the solution was concentrated to an oil and purified via flash column chromatography (4:1 EtOAc/MeOH) to afford 2-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)benzo[c]azolidine-1,3-dione.

Step 2. Synthesis of a Compound of Formula (10)

A solution of 2-(2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)benzo[c]azoline-1,3-dione (101 mg, 0.21 mmol) in MeOH (0.84 mL) was treated with hydrazine hydrate (0.07 mL) and stirred at RT for 14 hours. HCl (1 mL, conc) was added and the solution was heated to 88° C. for 14 hours. Upon cooling, the resulting solid was filtered off and washed with H₂O and EtOAc. The filtrate was pH adjusted to >12 (NaOH) and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were then concentrated to afford (2R)-1-[4-(2-aminoethyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol as an oil.

Step 3. Synthesis of the Formula I Compound

A solution of 1-[4-(2-aminoethyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol (60 mg, 0.171 mmol) in DME (6 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and benzene sulfonyl chloride (0.022 mL, 0.172 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 5 min and then at RT for 10 min. The reaction mixture was concentrated to an oil and purified via flash column chromatography (9:1 CHCl₃/MeOH) to afford (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl) (phenylsulfonyl)amine.

B. Preparation of Other Compounds of Formula I

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 10A above, but optionally replacing benzene sulfonyl chloride with other R⁹SO₂—Hal compounds, and optionally replacing (2R)-1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-piperazin-1-ylpropan-2-ol with other compounds of formula (6) or (6a), the following compounds of Formula I were prepared:

-   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)     [(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(4-trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)     [4-chlorophenylsulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)     [(4-trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl]amine; -   (3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}propyl)     [(4-trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; -   (4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butyl)     [(4-trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(3-trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(2,5-dimethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; -   {[5-(dimethylamino)naphthyl]sulfonyl}(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine; -   [(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl](2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)     [(3-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)(naphthylsulfonyl)amine; -   {[4-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}(2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine; -   [(4-ethylphenyl)sulfonyl](2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine;     and -   {[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine.

EXAMPLE 11 A. Preparation of a Compound of Formula I in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are Hydrogen, Q is —N<, X is Ethylene, Y is Methylene, T is —NH—SO₂—, Z is —O—, R⁹ is Indane-5-yl, and R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl Step 1—Preparation of a Compound of Formula (13)

Aniline (0.98 mL, 10.7 mmol) and Et₃N (1.8 mL, 12.9 mmol) in toluene (25 mL) were treated with 2-chloro-1-ethanesulfonylchloride (1.11 mL, 10.5 mmol). The exothermic reaction was stirred for 14 hours at room temperature. After stirring, the solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with HCl (˜10% aq. soln.). The organic layer concentrated and purified via flash column chromatography (4:1 hexane/EtOAc) to afford two lots of phenyl(vinylsulfonyl)amine.

Step 2—Preparation of a Compound of Formula I

To a solution of phenyl(vinylsulfonyl)amine (141 mg, 0.77 mmol) and DIEA (0.47 mL, 4.9 mmol) in EtOH (7.5 mL) was added (2R)-1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-piperazin-1-ylpropan-2-ol (470 mg, 1.5 mmol, crude). The solution was heated for 2 hours at 85° C. on a J-Kem™ block. Upon cooling, the reaction mixture was concentrated to an oil and purified via flash column chromatography (4:1 EtOAc/MeOH) to afford [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]phenylamine.

B. Preparation of Other Compounds of Formula I

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 11A above, but optionally replacing alanine and/or 2-chloro-1-ethanesulfonylchloride with other compounds of formula (11) or (12), and/or optionally replacing 1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-piperazin-1-ylpropan-2-ol with other compounds of formula (6) or (6a), the following compounds of Formula I were prepared:

-   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][4-(tertbutyl)phenyl]amine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][4-(methyl)phenyl]amine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]amine; -   [3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl][(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   (4-chlorophenyl)[(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]naphthylamine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl](2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine; -   [(3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}propyl)sulfonyl][4-(tertbutyl)phenyl]amine; -   (2,5-dimethylphenyl)[(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)[(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]amine; -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amine;     and -   [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl](2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)amine.

EXAMPLE 12 A. Preparation of a Compound of Formula I in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are Hydrogen, Q is —N<, X and Y are Methylene, T is —NH—SO₂—, Z is —O—, R⁹ is Indane-5-yl, R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl Step 1—Preparation of Formula (7′)

A solution of 2-methylenesuccinic anhydride (500 mg, 4.46 mmol) and aniline (0.4 mL, 4.46 mmol) in CH₃Cl were shaken overnight. A precipitate formed, which was filtered off, washed with hexanes, and dried under vacuum to afford 2-[(N-phenylcarbamoyl)methyl]prop-2-enoic acid.

A suspension of the 2-[(N-phenylcarbamoyl)methyl]prop-2-enoic acid (700 mg, 3.41 mmol) in Ac₂O (15 mL) was then treated with NaOAc (327 mg, 3.98 mmol) and shaken for 14 hours at 89° C. The resulting clear solution was dried on a Savant™, dissolved in EtOAc and washed with H₂O and brine. The organic layers were then dried down on Savant™ to yield 3-methylene-1-phenylazolidine-2,5-dione, a compound of formula (7′).

Step 2—Preparation of a Compound of Formula I

A solution of 3-methylene-1-phenylazolidine-2,5-dione (250 mg, 1.33 mmol) and 1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-piperazin-1-ylpropan-2-ol (415 mg, 1.35 mmol) in AcOH (10 mL, glacial) was stirred 14 hours at 50° C. Concentrated in the Savant™ and residue taken up in EtOAc and washed with NaHCO₃ (sat. aq. soln.), H₂O and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. Purification via flash column chromatography (gradient 5 to 10% MeOH/EtOAc) afforded 3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-phenylazolidine-2,5-dione.

B. Preparation of Other Compounds of Formula I

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 12A above, but optionally replacing 3-methylene-1-phenylazolidine-2,5-dione with other compounds of formula (7′) and/or optionally replacing (2R)-1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-piperazin-1-ylpropan-2-ol with other compounds of formula (6) or (6a), the following compounds of Formula I were prepared:

-   3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-phenylazolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-naphthylazolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; -   3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl]-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; -   1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione;     and -   1-[3-(tert-butyl)-4-chlorophenyl]-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione.

EXAMPLE 13 A. Preparation of a Compound of Formula I in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are Hydrogen, Q is —N<, X is Ethylene, Y is Methylene, T is —C(O)NH—, Z is —O—, R⁹ is Indane-5-yl, and R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl Step 1—Preparation of Formula (7)

To a cooled (0° C.) solution of 2-bromoethylamine HBr salt (4.7 g, 23 mmol) in diethyl ether (35 ml) and saturated sodium bicarbonate (50 ml) was added dropwise a solution of 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride (5.0 g, 24 mmol) in diethyl ether (15 ml) over one hour. The reaction was stirred vigorously and allowed to warm to room temperature and then stirred at room temperature for 48 hours. The ether layer was separated and concentrated. The product, N-(2-bromoethyl)[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carboxamide (M+1=295.9) was taken to the next step without further purification.

Step 2—Preparation of Formula (7a′)

A mixture of N-(2-bromoethyl)[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carboxamide (0.6 g, 2 mmol), BOC-piperazine (0.38 g, 2 mmol), and potassium carbonate (0.56 g, 4 mmol) in acetone was heated to reflux for 2 hours. The reaction was then cooled and concentrated. The product was isolated using column chromatography (EtOAc:Hexanes 1:1) to yield tert-butyl 4-(2-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonylamino}ethyl)piperazinecarboxylate (M+1=402.1)

Step 3—Preparation of Formula (7a)

4-(2-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonylamino}ethyl)piperazine carboxylate (0.2 g, 0.5 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (10 ml). The solution was allowed to stir at room temperature for 24 hours. The acid was removed under vacuum and the product, N-(2-piperazinylethyl)[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carboxamide was taken to the next step as a TFA salt.

Step 4—Preparation of Formula (1)

To a solution of N-(2-piperazinylethyl)[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carboxamide (0.2 g, 0.38 mmol) in ethanol was added diisopropyl ethylamine (0.25 ml, 1.5 mmol) and 5-[((2R)oxiran-2-yl)methoxy]-2-methylbenzothiazole (0.09 g, 0.42 mmol). The reaction was heated to 85 degrees for four hours. The mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and purified using preparative thin layer chromatography (10:1 DCM:MeOH) to yield N-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carboxamide (M+1=523.0).

B. Preparation of Other Compounds of Formula I

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 13A above, but optionally replacing N-(2-bromoethyl)[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carboxamide with other compounds of formula (7), and/or optionally replacing 5-[((2R)oxiran-2-yl)methoxy]-2-methylbenzothiazole with other compounds of formula (3), the following compounds of Formula I were prepared:

-   (2,6-difluorophenyl)-N-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)carboxamide; -   N-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)benzamide; -   (4-chlorophenyl)-N-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)carboxamide;     and -   (4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-N-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)carboxamide.

EXAMPLE 14 Preparation of a Compound of Formula (5b) in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are Hydrogen, Y is Methylene, Z is —O—, and R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl

To a solution of 5-[((2R)oxiran-2-yl)methoxy]-2-methylbenzothiazole (2.0 g, 9.25 mmol) and piperidin-4-one, chloride (1.25 g, 9.25 mmol) in ethanol was added diisopropylethylamine (1.6 ml, 9.0 mmol). The mixture was heated to reflux for 16 hours. The solvent was removed and the residue purified by column chromatography (10:1 DCM:MeOH) followed by preparative TLC (10:1 DCM:MeOH) to yield 1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperidin-4-one.

EXAMPLE 15 A. Preparation of a Compound of Formula (7b) in which R⁹ and T are joined to form (3R)-3-Amino-1-(4-Chlorophenyl)Pyrrolidin-2-one Step 1—Addition of Protected Methionine Group to Substituted Amine

CBZ-d-Methionine (5.4 g, 20 mmol), N-hydroxybenzotriazole H₂O(HOBt, 3.0 g, 20 mmol), 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU, 7.7 g, 20 mmol), 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridine (DMAP, ˜0.020 g, 0.16 mmol) and triethylamine (2.8 ml, 20 mmol) were added to a solution of 4-chloroaniline (1.3 g, 10 mmol) in THF. The non-homogeneous solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The solvent was then removed and the residue taken into ethyl acetate (˜200 ml) and washed sequentially with NaHCO₃ (3×100 ml), 10% citric acid (3×100 ml), water (3×100 ml) and saturated NaCl (1×75 ml). The organic layer was then dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to yield (2R)—N-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methylthio-2-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonylamino]butanamide (M+1=393.26)

Step 2—Alkylation of Methionine Substituent

To neat (2R)—N-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methylthio-2-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonylamino]butanamide (2.0 g, 5.09 mmol) was added methyl iodide (10 ml, 161 mmol). The solution was allowed to stir for 48 hours. Methyl iodide was then removed under vacuum to yield (2R)—N-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonylamino]-5-thiahexanamide, iodide.

Step 3—Ring Closure to Prepare R⁹/X 2-Oxypyrrolidine Structure

To a cooled (0°) solution of (2R)—N-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonylamino]-5-thiahexanamide, iodide (0.53 g, 1.0 mmol) in DMF (5.0 ml) and THF (5.0 ml) was added NaH (60% suspension in oil, 0.06 g, 1.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and then stirred until the desired product was seen using thin layer chromatography (EtOAc). The solvent was removed and the product then purified using preparative chromatography (pure EtOAc) to yield N-[(3R)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl](phenylmethoxy)carboxamide (M+1=366.93)

Step 4—Deprotection of the (7b) Compound

To a solution of N-[(3R)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl](phenylmethoxy)carboxamide (0.2 g, 0.58 mmol) in ethanol (10 ml) and cyclohexene (4 ml) was added palladium hydroxide (40 mg). The reaction was refluxed vigorously overnight. Palladium was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated to yield (3R)-3-amino-1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one.

EXAMPLE 16 A. Preparation of a Compound of Formula I in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are Hydrogen, Q is —NH—CH<, X is a Covalent Bond, Y is Methylene, -, Z is —O—, R⁹ and T are joined to form (3R)-3-Amino-1-(4-Chlorophenyl)Pyrrolidin-2-one, and R¹⁰ is 2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yl

To a solution of (3R)-3-amino-1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one as prepared in Example 14 (0.08 g) in EtOH (3 ml) was added 1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperidin-4-one as prepared in Example 13 (0.15 g, 0.53 mmol) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.112 g, 0.53 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 48 hours. The solvent was removed and the residue purified using preparative TLC (10:1 DCM:MeOH) to yield (3R)-3-({1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one.

B. Preparation of Other Compounds of Formula I

Similarly, following the procedure of Example 16A above, but optionally replacing (3R)-3-amino-1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one with other compounds of formula (7b), and/or optionally 1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperidin-4-one with other compounds of formula (5b), the following compounds of Formula I were prepared:

-   (3R)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-({1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)pyrrolidin-2-one; -   (3R)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-({1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)pyrrolidin-2-one; -   3-({1-[(2R)-3-(2-fluorophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; -   (3R)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-({1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)pyrrolidin-2-one; -   3-({1-[(2R)-3-(2-fluorophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; -   3-({1-[(2R)-3-(2-fluorophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; -   3-({1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one; -   3-({1-[3-(2-fluorophenoxy)-(2R)-2-hydroxypropyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one; -   (3R)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}pyrrolidin-2-one;     and -   4-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)(3R)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one.

EXAMPLE 17

Several compounds of Formula I prepared as shown in the above procedures were characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry. For example:

(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-N-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)Propyl]Piperazinyl}Ethyl)Carboxamide

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.9 (2H, d), 7.7 (2H, d), 7.45 (1H, d), 7.05 (1H, dd), 6.95 (1H, m), 4.18 (1H, m), 4.05 (2H, m), 3.6 (2H, m), 2.8 (3H, s), 2.8-2.5 (12H, m)

(3R)-1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-({1-[(2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)Propyl](4-Piperidyl)}Amino)Pyrrolidin-2-one

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.65 (1H, d), 7.6 (2H, m), 7.42 (1H, d), 7.05 (3H, m), 4.15 (1H, m), 4.05 (2H, d), 3.75 (2H, m), 3.65 (1H, t), 3.05 (1H, m), 2.88 (1H, m), 2.8 (3H, s) 2.7 (1H, m), 2.4-2.6 (4H, m), 2.18 (1H, m), 1.98 (3H, m), 1.5 (2H, m)

(3R)-3-({1-[(2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-Yloxy)Propyl](4-Piperidyl)}Amino)-1-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)Phenyl]Pyrrolidin-2-one

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.8 (2H, d), 7.62 (3H, m), 7.4 (1H, s), 7.0 (1H, dd), 4.4 (1H, m), 4.1 (1H, m), 4.0 (1H, m), 3.8 (2H, m), 3.65 (1H, t), 3.4-3.25 (2H, m), 2.97 (3H, m), 2.8 (3H, s), 2.9-2.7 (2H, m), 2.55 (1H, m), 2.1 (2H, m), 2.0 (1H, m), 1.75 (2H, m)

4-({4-[(2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(2-Methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)Propyl]piperazinyl}Methyl)-1-(4-Fluorophenyl)Pyrrolidin-2-one

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.65 (1H, d), 7.6 (2H, m), 7.45 (1H, s), 7.05 (3H, m), 4.18 (1H, m), 4.05 (2H, m), 3.95 (1H, t), 3.6 (1H, m), 2.8 (3H, s), 2.7-2.4 (15, mm)

The following examples illustrate the preparation of representative pharmaceutical formulations containing a compound of Formula I, such as those prepared in accordance with Examples 1-16 above.

EXAMPLE 18

Hard gelatin capsules containing the following ingredients are prepared:

Quantity Ingredient (mg/capsule) Active Ingredient 30.0 Starch 305.0 Magnesium stearate 5.0

The above ingredients are mixed and filled into hard gelatin capsules.

EXAMPLE 19

A tablet formula is prepared using the ingredients below:

Quantity Ingredient (mg/tablet) Active Ingredient 25.0 Cellulose, microcrystalline 200.0 Colloidal silicon dioxide 10.0 Stearic acid 5.0

The components are blended and compressed to form tablets.

EXAMPLE 20

A dry powder inhaler formulation is prepared containing the following components:

Ingredient Weight % Active Ingredient 5 Lactose 95 The active ingredient is mixed with the lactose and the mixture is added to a dry powder inhaling appliance.

EXAMPLE 21

Tablets, each containing 30 mg of active ingredient, are prepared as follows:

i. Quantity Ingredient (mg/tablet) Active Ingredient 30.0 mg Starch 45.0 mg Microcrystalline cellulose 35.0 mg Polyvinylpyrrolidone 4.0 mg (as 10% solution in sterile water) Sodium carboxymethyl starch 4.5 mg Magnesium stearate 0.5 mg Talc 1.0 mg Total 120 mg

The active ingredient, starch and cellulose are passed through a No. 20 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed thoroughly. The solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone is mixed with the resultant powders, which are then passed through a 16 mesh U.S. sieve. The granules so produced are dried at 50° C. to 60° C. and passed through a 16 mesh U.S. sieve. The sodium carboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate, and talc, previously passed through a No. 30 mesh U.S. sieve, are then added to the granules which, after mixing, are compressed on a tablet machine to yield tablets each weighing 120 mg.

EXAMPLE 22

Suppositories, each containing 25 mg of active ingredient are made as follows:

Ingredient Amount Active Ingredient 25 mg Saturated fatty acid glycerides to 2,000 mg

The active ingredient is passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve and suspended in the saturated fatty acid glycerides previously melted using the minimum heat necessary. The mixture is then poured into a suppository mold of nominal 2.0 g capacity and allowed to cool.

EXAMPLE 23

Suspensions, each containing 50 mg of active ingredient per 5.0 mL dose are made as follows:

Ingredient Amount Active Ingredient 50.0 mg Xanthan gum 4.0 mg Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (11%) 50.0 mg Microcrystalline cellulose (89%) Sucrose 1.75 g Sodium benzoate 10.0 mg Flavor and Color q.v. Purified water to 5.0 mL

The active ingredient, sucrose, and xanthan gum are blended, passed through a No. 10 mesh U.S. sieve, and then mixed with a previously made solution of the microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in water. The sodium benzoate, flavor, and color are diluted with some of the water and added with stirring. Sufficient water is then added to produce the required volume.

EXAMPLE 24

A subcutaneous formulation may be prepared as follows:

Ingredient Quantity Active Ingredient 5.0 mg Corn Oil 1.0 mL

EXAMPLE 25

An injectable preparation is prepared having the following composition:

Ingredients Amount Active ingredient 2.0 mg/ml Mannitol, USP  50 mg/ml Gluconic acid, USP q.s. (pH 5-6) water (distilled, sterile) q.s. to 1.0 ml Nitrogen Gas, NF q.s.

EXAMPLE 26

A topical preparation is prepared having the following composition:

Ingredients grams Active ingredient 0.2-10 Span 60 2.0 Tween 60 2.0 Mineral oil 5.0 Petrolatum 0.10 Methyl paraben 0.15 Propyl paraben 0.05 BHA (butylated hydroxy anisole) 0.01 Water q.s. to 100

All of the above ingredients, except water, are combined and heated to 60° C. with stirring. A sufficient quantity of water at 60° C. is then added with vigorous stirring to emulsify the ingredients, and water then added q.s. 100 g.

EXAMPLE 25 Sustained Release Composition

Weight Preferred Most Preferred Ingredient Range (%) Range (%) Range (%) Active ingredient 50-95 70-90 75 Microcrystalline cellulose (filler)  1-35  5-15 10.6 Methacrylic acid copolymer  1-35   5-12.5 10.0 Sodium hydroxide 0.1-1.0 0.2-0.6 0.4 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 0.5-5.0 1-3 2.0 Magnesium stearate 0.5-5.0 1-3 2.0

The sustained release formulations of this invention are prepared as follows: compound and pH-dependent binder and any optional excipients are intimately mixed(dry-blended). The dry-blended mixture is then granulated in the presence of an aqueous solution of a strong base which is sprayed into the blended powder. The granulate is dried, screened, mixed with optional lubricants (such as talc or magnesium stearate), and compressed into tablets. Preferred aqueous solutions of strong bases are solutions of alkali metal hydroxides, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, preferably sodium hydroxide, in water (optionally containing up to 25% of water-miscible solvents such as lower alcohols).

The resulting tablets may be coated with an optional film-forming agent, for identification, taste-masking purposes and to improve ease of swallowing. The film forming agent will typically be present in an amount ranging from between 2% and 4% of the tablet weight. Suitable film-forming agents are well known to the art and include hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, cationic methacrylate copolymers (dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate/methyl-butyl methacrylate copolymers—Eudragit® E-Röhm. Pharma), and the like. These film-forming agents may optionally contain colorants, plasticizers, and other supplemental ingredients.

The compressed tablets preferably have a hardness sufficient to withstand 8 Kp compression. The tablet size will depend primarily upon the amount of compound in the tablet. The tablets will include from 300 to 1100 mg of compound free base. Preferably, the tablets will include amounts of compound free base ranging from 400-600 mg, 650-850 mg, and 900-1100 mg.

In order to influence the dissolution rate, the time during which the compound containing powder is wet mixed is controlled. Preferably the total powder mix time, i.e. the time during which the powder is exposed to sodium hydroxide solution, will range from 1 to 10 minutes and preferably from 2 to 5 minutes. Following granulation, the particles are removed from the granulator and placed in a fluid bed dryer for drying at about 60° C.

EXAMPLE 28 Mitochondrial Assays

Rat heart mitochondria are isolated by the method of Nedergard and Cannon (Methods in Enzymol. 55, 3, 1979).

Palmitoyl CoA oxidation—The Palmityl CoA oxidation is carried out in a total volume of 100 micro liters containing the following agents: 110 mM KCl, 33 mM Tris buffer at pH 8, 2 mM KPi, 2 mM MgCl₂, 0.1 mM EDTA, 14.7 microM defatted BSA, 0.5 mM malic acid, 13 mM carnitine, 1 mM ADP, 52 micrograms of mitochondrial protein, and 16 microM 1-C14 palmitoyl CoA (Sp. Activity 60 mCi/mmole; 20 microCi/ml, using 5 microliters per assay). The compounds of this invention are added in a DMSO solution at the following concentrations: 100 micro molar, 30 micro molar, and 3 micro molar. In each assay, a DMSO control is used. After 15 min at 30° C., the enzymatic reaction is centrifuged (20,000 g for 1 min), and 70 microliters of the supernatant is added to an activated reverse phase silicic acid column (approximately 0.5 ml of silicic acid). The column is eluted with 2 ml of water, and 0.5 ml of the eluent is used for scintillation counting to determine the amount of C¹⁴ trapped as C¹⁴ bicarbonate ion.

The compounds of the invention show activity as fatty acid oxidation inhibitors in this assay.

EXAMPLE 29 Perfusate

Langendorff perfusion is conducted using a Krebs-Henseleit solution containing: (mM) NaCl (118.0), KCl (4.7), KH₂PO₄ (1.2), MgSO₄ (1.2), CaCl₂ (2.5), NaHCO₃ (25.0) and glucose (5.5 or 11) (Finegan et al. 1996). The working heart perfusate consists of a Krebs-Henseleit solution with the addition of palmitate (0.4 or 1.2 mM) pre-bound to 3% bovine serum albumin (essentially fatty acid free BSA) and insulin (100 μU/ml). Palmitate is initially dissolved in an ethanol:water mixture (40%:60%) containing 0.5-0.6 g Na₂CO₃ per g of palmitate. Following heating to evaporate the ethanol, this mixture is then added to the 3% BSA-Krebs-Henseleit mixture (without glucose) and allowed to dialyze (8000 MW cut-off) overnight in 10 volumes of glucose-free Krebs-Henseleit solution. The next day, glucose is added to the solution and the mixture is filtered through glass microfiber filters (GF/C, Whatman, Maidstone, England) and kept on ice, or refrigerated, prior to use. The perfusate is continuously oxygenated with a 95% CO₂, 5% O₂ gas mixture while in the perfusion apparatus to main aerobic conditions.

Heart Perfusion Protocols

Rats are anesthetized with pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and hearts are rapidly removed and placed in ice-cold Krebs-Henseleit solution. The hearts are then rapidly cannulated via the aortic stump and Langendorff perfusion at constant pressure (60 mm Hg) is initiated and continued for a 10-min equilibration period. During this equilibration period, the pulmonary artery is cut, and excess fat and lung tissue removed to reveal the pulmonary vein. The left atrium is cannulated and connected to the preload line originating from the oxygenation chamber. After the 10-min equilibration period, hearts are switched to working mode (by clamping off the Langendorff line and opening the preload and afterload lines) and perfused at 37° C. under aerobic conditions at a constant left atrial preload (11.5 mm Hg) and aortic afterload (80 mm Hg). The compliance chamber is filled with air adequate to maintain developed pressure at 50-60 mm Hg. Perfusate is delivered to the oxygenation chamber via a peristaltic pump from the reservoir chamber that collected aortic and coronary flows as well as overflow from the oxygenator.

Typically, hearts are perfused under aerobic conditions for 60 minutes. Hearts are paced at 300 beats/min throughout each phase of the perfusion protocol (voltage adjusted as necessary) with the exception of the initial 5 min of reperfusion when hearts are allowed to beat spontaneously.

At the end of the perfusion protocol, hearts are rapidly frozen using Wollenberger clamps cooled to the temperature of liquid nitrogen. Frozen tissues are pulverized and the resulting powders stored at −80° C.

Myocardial Mechanical Function

Aortic systolic and diastolic pressures are measured using a Sensonor (Horten Norway) pressure transducer attached to the aortic outflow line and connected to an AD Instruments data acquisition system. Cardiac output, aortic flow and coronary flow (cardiac output minus aortic flow) are measured (ml/min) using in-line ultrasonic flow probes connected to a Transonic T206 ultrasonic flow meter. Left ventricular minute work (LV work), calculated as cardiac output×left ventricular developed pressure (aortic systolic pressure—preload pressure), is used as a continuous index of mechanical function. Hearts are excluded if LV work decreased more than 20% during the 60-min period of aerobic perfusion.

Myocardial Oxygen Consumption and Cardiac Efficiency

Measuring the atrial-venous difference in oxygen content of the perfusate and multiplying by the cardiac output provides an index of oxygen consumption. Atrial oxygen content (mmHg) is measured in perfusate in the preload line or just prior to entering the left atria. Venous oxygen content is measured from perfusate exiting the pulmonary artery and passing through in-line O₂ probes and meters Microelectrodes Inc., Bedford, N.H. Cardiac efficiency is calculated as the cardiac work per oxygen consumption.

Measurement of Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism

Determining the rate of production of ³H₂O and ¹⁴CO₂ from [³H/¹⁴C]glucose in the isolated working rat model allows a direct and continuous measure of the rates of glycolysis and glucose oxidation. Alternatively, the measure of the production of ³H₂O from [5-³H]palmitate provides a direct and continuous measure of the rate of palmitate oxidation. Dual labelled substrates allows for the simultaneous measure of either glycolysis and glucose oxidation or fatty acid oxidation and glucose oxidation. A 3-ml sample of perfusate is taken from the injection port of the recirculating perfusion apparatus at various time-points throughout the protocol for analysis of ³H₂O and ¹⁴CO₂ and immediately placed under mineral oil until assayed for metabolic product accumulation. Perfusate is supplemented with [³H¹⁴C]glucose or [5-³H]palmitate to approximate a specific activity of 20 dpm/mmol. Average rates of glycolysis and glucose oxidation are calculated from linear cumulative time-courses of product accumulation between 15 and 60 minutes for aerobic perfusion. Rates of glycolysis and glucose oxidation are expressed as μmol glucose metabolized/min/g dry wt.

Measurement of Myocardial Glycolysis

Rates of glycolysis are measured directly as previously described (Saddik & Lopaschuk, 1991) from the quantitative determination of ³H₂O liberated from radiolabeled [5-³H]glucose at the enolase step of glycolysis. Perfusate samples are collected at various time-points throughout the perfusion protocol. ³H₂O is separated from the perfusate by passing perfusate samples through columns containing Dowex 1-X 4 anion exchange resin (200-400 mesh). A 90 g/L Dowex in 0.4 M potassium tetraborate mixture is stirred overnight, after which 2 ml of the suspension is loaded into separation columns and washed extensively with dH₂O to remove the tetraborate. The columns are found to exclude 98-99.6% of the total [³H]glucose (Saddik & Lopaschuk, 1996). Perfusate samples (100 μl) are loaded onto the columns and washed with 1.0 ml dH₂O. Effluent is collected into 5 ml of Ecolite Scintillation Fluid (ICN, Radiochemicals, Irvine, Calif.) and counted for 5 min in a Beckman LS 6500 Scintillation Counter with an automatic dual (³H¹⁴C) quench correction program. Average rates of glycolysis for each phase of perfusion are expressed as μmol glucose metabolized/min/g dry wt as described above.

Measurement of Myocardial Glucose Oxidation

Glucose oxidation is also determined directly as previously described (Saddik & Lopaschuk, 1991) by measuring ¹⁴CO₂ from [¹⁴C]glucose liberated at the level of pyruvate dehydrogenase and in the Krebs cycle. Both ¹⁴CO₂ gas exiting the oxygenation chamber and [¹⁴C]bicarbonate retained in solution are measured. Perfusate samples are collected at various time-points throughout the perfusion protocol. ¹⁴CO₂ gas is collected by passing the gas exiting the oxygenator through a hyamine hydroxide trap (20-50 ml depending on perfusion duration). Perfusate samples (2×1 ml), which were stored under oil to prevent the escape of gas by equilibration with atmospheric CO₂, are injected into 16×150 mm test tubes containing 1 ml of 9 NH₂SO₄. This process releases ¹⁴CO₂ from the perfusate present as H¹⁴CO₃ ⁻. These duplicate tubes are sealed with a rubber stopper attached to a 7-ml scintillation vial containing a 2×5 cm piece of filter paper saturated with 250 μl of hyamine hydroxide. The scintillation vials with filter papers are then removed and Ecolite Scintillation Fluid (7 ml) added. Samples are counted by standard procedures as described above. Average rates of glucose oxidation for each phase of perfusion are expressed as μmol glucose metabolized/min/g dry wt as described above.

Measurement of Myocardial Fatty Acid Oxidation

Rates of palmitate oxidation are measured directly as previously described (Saddik & Lopaschuk, 1991) from the quantitative determination of ³H₂O liberated from radiolabeled [5-³H]palmitate. ³H₂O is separated from [5-³H]palmitate following a chloroform:methanol (1.88 ml of 1:2 v/v) extraction of a 0.5 ml sample of buffer then adding 0.625 ml of chloroform and 0.625 ml of a 2M KCL:HCl solution. The aqueous phase is removed and treated with a mixture of chloroform, methanol and KCl:HCl (1:1:0.9 v/v). Duplicate samples are taken from the aqueous phase for liquid scintillation counting and rates of oxidation are determined taking into account a dilution factor. This results in >99% extraction and separation of ³H₂O from [5-³H]palmitate. Average rates of glucose oxidation for each phase of perfusion are expressed as μmol glucose metabolized/min/g dry wt as described above.

Dry to Wet Ratios

Frozen ventricles are pulverized at the temperature of liquid nitrogen with a mortar and pestle. Dry to wet determinations are made by weighing a small amount of frozen heart tissue and re-weighing that same tissue after 24-48 hr of air drying and taking the ratio of the two weights. From this ratio, total dry tissue can be calculated. This ratio is used to normalize, on a per g dry weight basis, rates of glycolysis, glucose oxidation and glycogen turnover as well as metabolite contents.

The compounds of the invention showed activity as fatty acid oxidation inhibitors in the above assays.

REFERENCES

-   1. Finegan B A, Gandhi M, Lopaschuk G D, Clanachan A S, 1996.     Antecedent ischemia reverses effects of adenosine on glycolysis and     mechanical function of working hearts. American Journal of     Physiology 271: H2116-25. -   2. Saddik M, Lopaschuk G. D., 1991. Myocardial triglyceride turnover     and contribution to energy substrate utilization in isolated working     rat hearts. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266: 8162-8170.

All patents and publications cited above are hereby incorporated by reference. 

1. A compound of Formula I:

wherein: R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are hydrogen, lower alkyl, or —C(O)R, in which R is —OR¹¹¹ or —NR¹¹R¹², where R¹¹ and R¹² are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; or R¹ and R², R³ and R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸, when taken together with the carbon to which they are attached, represent carbonyl; or R¹ and R⁵, or R¹ and R⁷, or R³ and R⁵, or R³ and R⁷, when taken together form a bridging group —(CR¹³R¹⁴)_(n)—, in which n is 1, 2 or 3, and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; with the provisos that i. the maximum number of carbonyl groups is 1, ii. the maximum number of —C(O)NR¹¹R¹² groups is 1, and iii. the maximum number of bridging groups is 1; R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycle, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; T is —O—, —S—, —NHSO₂—, —SO₂NH—, or —CO—NH—; or R⁹ and T are taken together are optionally substituted heterocyclyl; Q is —N< or —NH—CH<; X is a covalent bond or an optionally substituted alkylene of 1-6 carbon atoms; Y is optionally substituted alkylene of 1-3 carbon atoms; and Z is a covalent bond, —O—, —S—, or —N(R¹⁵)—, wherein R¹⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are hydrogen or lower alkyl.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein Y is methylene.
 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein Z is —O—.
 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein R¹⁰ is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein Q is —N<.
 7. The compound of claim 6, wherein X is C₁₋₄ alkyl.
 8. The compound of claim 7, wherein T is —O—.
 9. The compound of claim 8, selected from the group consisting of: (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-[4-(3-phenoxypropyl)piperazinyl]propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[2-(phenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-[4-(4-phenoxybutyl)piperazinyl]propan-2-ol (2R)-1-{4-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)butyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-3-{4-[2-(2-methylphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[2-(2-methoxy-4-chlorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[2-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-phenylphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[2-(3,5-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[2-(3-chloro-4-bromophenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[3-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)butyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-3-[4-(4-indan-5-yloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-[4-(4-(2-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyloxy)butyl)piperazinyl]propan-2-ol; (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-(4-{4-[1-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-3-yloxy]butyl}piperazinyl)propan-2-ol; -(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)-2,3a,7a-trihydrobenzo[2,1-b]furan-3-one; ethyl 2-[4-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl]acetate; ethyl 3-[4-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl]propanoate; 2-[4-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl]acetic acid; (2R)-1-[4-(4-indan-2-yloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-[4-(4-cyclohexyloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; ethyl 2-[4-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenoxy]acetate; ethyl 2-[4-(4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoate; 2-[4-(4-{4-[2-(2R)-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid; 3-[4-(4-{4-[2-(2R)-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenyl]propanoic acid; (2R)-3-[4-(4-cyclopentyloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-1-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-(4-{4-[4-(tert-butyl)cyclohexyloxy]butyl}piperazinyl)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-[4-(4-cyclopentyloxybutyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-{4-[4-(1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yloxy)butyl]piperazinyl}propan-2-ol; (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-[4-(4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyloxy)butyl)piperazinyl]propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-{4-[4-(1-methoxyindan-2-yloxy)butyl]piperazinyl}-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; 2-[4-(4-{4-[2-(2R)-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butoxy)phenoxy]acetic acid; (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-(4-{6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]hexyl}piperazinyl)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-[4-(4-(2H-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxy)butyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; (2R)-1-[4-(4-cyclobutoxybutyl)piperazinyl]-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propan-2-ol; and (2R)-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)-1-(4-{4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)cyclohexyloxy]butyl}piperazinyl)propan-2-ol.
 10. The compound of claim 9, wherein T and R⁹ together form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl.
 11. The compound of claim 10, wherein T and R⁹ together form an optionally substituted pyrrolidin-2-one.
 12. The compound of claim 11, selected from the group consisting of: 3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-phenylpyrrolidin-2-one; 4-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; 3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one; 3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one; 3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-(4-methylphenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; and 4-[(4-{(2R)-3-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yloxy]-2-hydroxypropyl}piperazinyl)methyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one.
 13. The compound of claim 10, wherein T and R⁹ together form an optionally substituted azolidine-2,5-dionyl moiety.
 14. The compound of claim 13, selected from the group consisting of: 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; 1-[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl]-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; 1-benzoxazol-2-yl-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; 1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; 3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; 3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}azolidine-2,5-dione; 3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; 3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-(4-vinylphenyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; 3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-phenylazolidine-2,5-dione; 3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-phenylazolidine-2,5-dione; 3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-naphthylazolidine-2,5-dione; 3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; 3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azolidine-2,5-dione; 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; 1-[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl]-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; 1-[3-(tert-butyl)-4-chlorophenyl]-3-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)azolidine-2,5-dione; 3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-naphthylazolidine-2,5-dione; and 3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}-1-(4-methylphenyl)azolidine-2,5-dione.
 15. The compound of claim 10, wherein T and R⁹ together form an optionally substituted benzo[c]azolidine-1,3-dione moiety.
 16. The compound of claim 15, namely 2-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)benzo[c]azolidine-1,3-dione.
 17. The compound of claim 6, wherein T is —SO₂NH—.
 18. The compound of claim 17, selected from the group consisting of: (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl) (phenylsulfonyl)amine (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl) [(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]amine; (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(4-trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl) [4-chlorophenylsulfonyl]amine; (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl) [(4-trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl]amine; (3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}propyl) [(4-trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; (4-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}butyl) [(4-trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(3-trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(2,5-dimethyl)phenylsulfonyl]amine; {[5-(dimethylamino)naphthyl]sulfonyl}(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine; [(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl](2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine; (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl) [(3-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]amine; (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl)sulfonyl]amine; (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)sulfonyl]amine; (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)sulfonyl]amine; (2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)(naphthylsulfonyl)amine; {[4-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}(2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine; [(4-ethylphenyl)sulfonyl](2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine; and {[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)amine.
 19. The compound of claim 6, wherein T is —NHSO₂—.
 20. The compound of claim 19, selected from the group consisting of: [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]phenylamine [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amine; [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][4-(tertbutyl)phenyl]amine; [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][4-(methyl)phenyl]amine; [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]amine; [3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl][(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]amine; (4-chlorophenyl)[(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]amine; [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]naphthylamine; [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl](2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine; [(3-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}propyl)sulfonyl][4-(tertbutyl)phenyl]amine; (2,5-dimethylphenyl)[(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]amine; (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)[(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl]amine; [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl][3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amine; and [(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)sulfonyl](2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)amine.
 21. The compound of claim 6, wherein T is —CO—NH—.
 22. The compound of claim 21 selected from the group consisting of: (2,6-difluorophenyl)-N-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)carboxamide; N-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)benzamide; (4-chlorophenyl)-N-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)carboxamide; and (4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-N-(2-{4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}ethyl)carboxamide.
 23. The compound of claim 5, wherein Q is —NH—CH<.
 24. The compound of claim 23 selected from the group consisting of: (3R)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-({1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)pyrrolidin-2-one; (3R)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-({1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)pyrrolidin-2-one; 3-({1-[(2R)-3-(2-fluorophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; (3R)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-({1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)pyrrolidin-2-one; 3-({1-[(2R)-3-(2-fluorophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; 3-({1-[(2R)-3-(2-fluorophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; 3-({1-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one; 3-({1-[3-(2-fluorophenoxy)-(2R)-2-hydroxypropyl](4-piperidyl)}amino)(3R)-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidin-2-one; (3R)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}pyrrolidin-2-one; and 4-({4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-5-yloxy)propyl]piperazinyl}methyl)(3R)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one.
 25. A method of treating a disease state chosen from diabetes, damage to skeletal muscles resulting from trauma or shock and a cardiovascular disease in a mammal by administration of a therapeutically effective dose of a compound of claim
 1. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the cardiovascular disease is atrial arrhythmia, intermittent claudication, ventricular arrhythmia, Prinzmetal's (variant) angina, stable angina, unstable angina, congestive heart failure, or myocardial infarction.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the disease state is diabetes.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the disease state is congestive heart failure.
 29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 